Álgebra linear Exemplos

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 3 \\ 2 & 5 & 3 \\ 1 & 0 & 8 \end{array}]$

Etapa 1

Find the determinant.

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Etapa 1.1

Choose the row or column with the most $0$ elements. If there are no $0$ elements choose any row or column. Multiply every element in column $2$ by its cofactor and add.

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Etapa 1.1.1

Consider the corresponding sign chart.

$| \begin{array}{c} + & - & + \\ - & + & - \\ + & - & + \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.1.2

The cofactor is the minor with the sign changed if the indices match a $-$ position on the sign chart.

Etapa 1.1.3

The minor for $a_{12}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $2$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 2 & 3 \\ 1 & 8 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.1.4

Multiply element $a_{12}$ by its cofactor.

$- 2 | \begin{array}{c} 2 & 3 \\ 1 & 8 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.1.5

The minor for $a_{22}$ is the determinant with row $2$ and column $2$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 3 \\ 1 & 8 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.1.6

Multiply element $a_{22}$ by its cofactor.

$5 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 3 \\ 1 & 8 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.1.7

The minor for $a_{32}$ is the determinant with row $3$ and column $2$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 3 \\ 2 & 3 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.1.8

Multiply element $a_{32}$ by its cofactor.

$0 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 3 \\ 2 & 3 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.1.9

Add the terms together.

$- 2 | \begin{array}{c} 2 & 3 \\ 1 & 8 \end{array} | + 5 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 3 \\ 1 & 8 \end{array} | + 0 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 3 \\ 2 & 3 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.2

Multiplique $0$ por $| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 3 \\ 2 & 3 \end{array} |$ .

$- 2 | \begin{array}{c} 2 & 3 \\ 1 & 8 \end{array} | + 5 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 3 \\ 1 & 8 \end{array} | + 0$

Etapa 1.3

Avalie $| \begin{array}{c} 2 & 3 \\ 1 & 8 \end{array} |$ .

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Etapa 1.3.1

O determinante de uma matriz $2 \times 2$ pode ser encontrado ao usar a fórmula $| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$- 2 (2 \cdot 8 - 1 \cdot 3) + 5 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 3 \\ 1 & 8 \end{array} | + 0$

Etapa 1.3.2

Simplifique o determinante.

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Etapa 1.3.2.1

Simplifique cada termo.

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Etapa 1.3.2.1.1

Multiplique $2$ por $8$ .

$- 2 (16 - 1 \cdot 3) + 5 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 3 \\ 1 & 8 \end{array} | + 0$

Etapa 1.3.2.1.2

Multiplique $- 1$ por $3$ .

$- 2 (16 - 3) + 5 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 3 \\ 1 & 8 \end{array} | + 0$

Etapa 1.3.2.2

Subtraia $3$ de $16$ .

$- 2 \cdot 13 + 5 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 3 \\ 1 & 8 \end{array} | + 0$

Etapa 1.4

Avalie $| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 3 \\ 1 & 8 \end{array} |$ .

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Etapa 1.4.1

O determinante de uma matriz $2 \times 2$ pode ser encontrado ao usar a fórmula $| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$- 2 \cdot 13 + 5 (1 \cdot 8 - 1 \cdot 3) + 0$

Etapa 1.4.2

Simplifique o determinante.

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Etapa 1.4.2.1

Simplifique cada termo.

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Etapa 1.4.2.1.1

Multiplique $8$ por $1$ .

$- 2 \cdot 13 + 5 (8 - 1 \cdot 3) + 0$

Etapa 1.4.2.1.2

Multiplique $- 1$ por $3$ .

$- 2 \cdot 13 + 5 (8 - 3) + 0$

Etapa 1.4.2.2

Subtraia $3$ de $8$ .

$- 2 \cdot 13 + 5 \cdot 5 + 0$

Etapa 1.5

Simplifique o determinante.

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Etapa 1.5.1

Simplifique cada termo.

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Etapa 1.5.1.1

Multiplique $- 2$ por $13$ .

$- 26 + 5 \cdot 5 + 0$

Etapa 1.5.1.2

Multiplique $5$ por $5$ .

$- 26 + 25 + 0$

Etapa 1.5.2

Some $- 26$ e $25$ .

$- 1 + 0$

Etapa 1.5.3

Some $- 1$ e $0$ .

$- 1$

Etapa 2

Since the determinant is non-zero, the inverse exists.

Etapa 3

Set up a $3 \times 6$ matrix where the left half is the original matrix and the right half is its identity matrix.

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 3 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 2 & 5 & 3 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 8 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4

Encontre a forma escalonada reduzida por linhas.

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Etapa 4.1

Perform the row operation $R_{2} = R_{2} - 2 R_{1}$ to make the entry at $2, 1$ a $0$ .

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Etapa 4.1.1

Perform the row operation $R_{2} = R_{2} - 2 R_{1}$ to make the entry at $2, 1$ a $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 3 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 2 - 2 \cdot 1 & 5 - 2 \cdot 2 & 3 - 2 \cdot 3 & 0 - 2 \cdot 1 & 1 - 2 \cdot 0 & 0 - 2 \cdot 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 8 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.1.2

Simplifique $R_{2}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 3 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 3 & - 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 8 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2

Perform the row operation $R_{3} = R_{3} - R_{1}$ to make the entry at $3, 1$ a $0$ .

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Etapa 4.2.1

Perform the row operation $R_{3} = R_{3} - R_{1}$ to make the entry at $3, 1$ a $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 3 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 3 & - 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 - 1 & 0 - 2 & 8 - 3 & 0 - 1 & 0 - 0 & 1 - 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.2

Simplifique $R_{3}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 3 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 3 & - 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 2 & 5 & - 1 & 0 & 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.3

Perform the row operation $R_{3} = R_{3} + 2 R_{2}$ to make the entry at $3, 2$ a $0$ .

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Etapa 4.3.1

Perform the row operation $R_{3} = R_{3} + 2 R_{2}$ to make the entry at $3, 2$ a $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 3 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 3 & - 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 + 2 \cdot 0 & - 2 + 2 \cdot 1 & 5 + 2 \cdot - 3 & - 1 + 2 \cdot - 2 & 0 + 2 \cdot 1 & 1 + 2 \cdot 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.3.2

Simplifique $R_{3}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 3 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 3 & - 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - 1 & - 5 & 2 & 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.4

Multiply each element of $R_{3}$ by $- 1$ to make the entry at $3, 3$ a $1$ .

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Etapa 4.4.1

Multiply each element of $R_{3}$ by $- 1$ to make the entry at $3, 3$ a $1$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 3 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 3 & - 2 & 1 & 0 \\ - 0 & - 0 & - - 1 & - - 5 & - 1 \cdot 2 & - 1 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.4.2

Simplifique $R_{3}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 3 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 3 & - 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 5 & - 2 & - 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.5

Perform the row operation $R_{2} = R_{2} + 3 R_{3}$ to make the entry at $2, 3$ a $0$ .

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Etapa 4.5.1

Perform the row operation $R_{2} = R_{2} + 3 R_{3}$ to make the entry at $2, 3$ a $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 3 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 + 3 \cdot 0 & 1 + 3 \cdot 0 & - 3 + 3 \cdot 1 & - 2 + 3 \cdot 5 & 1 + 3 \cdot - 2 & 0 + 3 \cdot - 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 5 & - 2 & - 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.5.2

Simplifique $R_{2}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 3 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 13 & - 5 & - 3 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 5 & - 2 & - 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.6

Perform the row operation $R_{1} = R_{1} - 3 R_{3}$ to make the entry at $1, 3$ a $0$ .

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Etapa 4.6.1

Perform the row operation $R_{1} = R_{1} - 3 R_{3}$ to make the entry at $1, 3$ a $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 - 3 \cdot 0 & 2 - 3 \cdot 0 & 3 - 3 \cdot 1 & 1 - 3 \cdot 5 & 0 - 3 \cdot - 2 & 0 - 3 \cdot - 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 13 & - 5 & - 3 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 5 & - 2 & - 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.6.2

Simplifique $R_{1}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 0 & - 14 & 6 & 3 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 13 & - 5 & - 3 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 5 & - 2 & - 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.7

Perform the row operation $R_{1} = R_{1} - 2 R_{2}$ to make the entry at $1, 2$ a $0$ .

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Etapa 4.7.1

Perform the row operation $R_{1} = R_{1} - 2 R_{2}$ to make the entry at $1, 2$ a $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 - 2 \cdot 0 & 2 - 2 \cdot 1 & 0 - 2 \cdot 0 & - 14 - 2 \cdot 13 & 6 - 2 \cdot - 5 & 3 - 2 \cdot - 3 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 13 & - 5 & - 3 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 5 & - 2 & - 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.7.2

Simplifique $R_{1}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & - 40 & 16 & 9 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 13 & - 5 & - 3 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 5 & - 2 & - 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 5

The right half of the reduced row echelon form is the inverse.

$[\begin{array}{c} - 40 & 16 & 9 \\ 13 & - 5 & - 3 \\ 5 & - 2 & - 1 \end{array}]$